Immunological and Bacteriological Study of Autism Spectrum Disorder
Keywords:
Escherichia coli, Autistic, IL-1 , IL-17aAbstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is an intricate neurodevelopmental disorder generally demonstrated in the first few years of life and treatment to persist into adolescence and adulthood. In this study was (50) total number of ASD patients. While 30 as controls from Baghdad. All isolates were obtained from the stool of patients and number ofisolates Escherichia coli was (n = 4, 25%). While the results showed serum levels ofinterlukin-1 and IL-17a in Autistic patients by using ELISA technique, the mean level of IL-1 and IL-17a were higher in patient group (2275.89 ± 77.38pg/ml) , (1457.72 ± 35.66pg//ml) , than control group (429.33 ± 35.84pg/ml) , (963.64 ± 8.91pg/ml) respectively, this variance was significant ((P <0.001)).
Downloads
References
Hume, K., Steinbrenner, J. R., Odom, S. L.,
Morin, K. L., Nowell, S. W., Tomaszewski, B., ...
& Savage, M. N. (2021). Evidence-based practices
for children, youth, and young adults with autism:
Third generation review. Journal of Autism and
Developmental Disorders, 51( 11), 4013-4032.
Steinbrenner, J. R., Hume, K., Odom, S. L.,
Morin, K. L., Nowell, S. W., Tomaszewski,
B., ... & Savage, M. N. (2020). EvidenceBased Practices for Children, Youth, and
Young Adults with Autism. PPG Child
Development Institute.
Moradi, K., Ashraf-Ganjouei, A.,
Tavolinejad, H., Bagheri, S., &
Akhondzadeh, S. (2021). The interplay
between gut microbiota and autism spectrum
disorders: A focus on immunological
pathways. Progress in Neuro¬
Psychopharmacology and Biological
Psychiatry, 106, 110091.
Socaa, K., Doboszewska, U., Szopa, A.,
Serefko, A., W odarczyk, M., Zieli ska, A., ...
& Wla , P. (2021). The role of microbiota-gutbrain axis in neuropsychiatric and
neurological disorders. Pharmacological
Research, 172, 105840.
Kim, S., Covington, A., & Pamer, E. G.
(2017). The intestinal microbiota: antibiotics,
colonization resistance, and enteric
pathogens. Immunological reviews, 279(1), 90-
Khan, S. A., Imtiaz, M. A., Sayeed, M.,
Shaikat, A. H., & Hassan, M. M. (2020).
Antimicrobial resistance pattern in domesticanimal-wildlife-environmental niche via the
food chain to humans with a Bangladesh
perspective; a systematic review. BMC
veterinary research, 16(). 1-13.
Malik, K., & Guttman-Yassky, E. (2018,
January). Cytokine targeted therapeutics for
alopecia areata: lessons from atopic dermatitis
and other inflammatory skin diseases.
In Journal of Investigative Dermatology
Symposium Proceedings (Vol. 19, No. 1, pp.
S62-S64). Elsevier.
Jones, S. A., & Jenkins, B. J. (2018). Recent
insights into targeting the IL-6 cytokine family
in inflammatory diseases and cancer. Nature
Reviews Immunology, 18(V2), 773-789.
Abbas,K.H , Abdul ,R.A and Rasool
,Kh,H.(2022). Immunological and Enzymatic
study of Staphylococcus aureus Bacteria and
fungi isolated from oral cavity. Research J.
Pharm. and Tech. 15(7): 3110-3124.
CLSI (Clinical & Laboratory Standards
institute) (2009). Performance Standards for
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, 19th
supplement, CLSI document Ml00-SI9. 29
(3). CLSI, Wayne, Pennsylvania, USA.
SAS. Statistical Analysis System, Users
Guide. Statistical, Version 9. Cary, N.C.: SAS
Institute Inc.; 2012.
Oono, I. P., Honey, E. J., & McConachie, H.
(2013). Parent mediated early intervention for
young children with autism spectrum
disorders (ASD). Evidence Based Child
Health: A Cochrane Review Journal, 8(6),
-2479.
Reichow, B., Steiner, A. M., & Volkmar, F.
(2012). Social skills groups for people aged 6
to 21 with autism spectrum disorders
(ASD). Campbell Systematic Reviews, N( 1), 1-
Atlas, R. M„ & Synder, J. W. (2011).
Reagents, stains, and media:
bacteriology. Manual of clinical microbiology,
-303.
Solomon, F. B., Wadilo, F. W., Arota, A. A.,
& Abraham, Y. L. (2017). Antibiotic resistant
airborne bacteria and their multidrug
resistance pattern at university teaching
referral Hospital in South Ethiopia. Annals of
clinical microbiology and antimicrobials, 16(),
-7.
Rizzo, L., Manaia, C., Merlin, C., Schwartz,
T., Dagot, C., Ploy, M. C, & Fatta-Kassinos,
D. (2013). Urban wastewater treatment plants
as hotspots for antibiotic resistant bacteria and
genes spread into the environment: a
review. Science of the total environment, 447,
-360.
Stratev, D., & Odeyemi, O. A. (2016).
Antimicrobial resistance of Aeromonas
hydrophila isolated from different food
sources: A mini-review. Journal of infection
and public health, 9(5), 535-544.
Pickering, L. K. (2004, April). Antimicrobial
resistance among enteric pathogens.
In Seminars in pediatric infectious
diseases (Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 71-77). WB
Saunders.
Pickering, L. K. (2008). Antimicrobial
resistance among enteric pathogens. Hot
Topics in Infection and Immunity in Children
IV, 154-163.
Pangrazzi, L., Balasco, L., & Bozzi, Y. (2020).
Oxidative stress and immune system
dysfunction in autism spectrum
disorders. International journal of molecular
sciences, 21(9), 3293.
Siniscalco, D., Schultz, S., Brigida, A. L., &
Antonucci, N. (2018). Inflammation and
neuro-immune dysregulations in autism
spectrum disorders. Pharmaceuticals, 11(2),
Xie, J., Huang, L., Li, X., Li, H., Zhou, Y., Zhu,
H., ... & Xu, W. (2017). Immunological cytokine
profiling identifies TNF- as a key molecule
dysregulated in autistic
children. Oncotarget, 8(47), 82390.
Published
Issue
Section
License
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation .
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.