Incidence of Covid-19 Infection Among Tb Patients in Basrah City
Keywords:
COVID- 19 infection, tuberculosis, BCG vaccine, trained immunityAbstract
The fact that COVID-19 causes severe infection in lungs and general respiratory system, thus it shares the site of infection and pathogenicity mode with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, also, the fact that BCG vaccination is a mandatory approach in Iraq. These criteria directed our interest to detect the incidence rate of COVID-19 infection in tuberculosis patients in the city of Basrah (south of Iraq), depending on the weakness of their immune system, the similarity of the infection site and BCG vaccine effects. In this study data were collected from 215 tuberculosis patientswho registered in T.B. and Respiratory Specialize Center in Basrah city, for both sexes and for all age groups, during a period extended from November 2020 to February 2021. All cases were surveyed for the presence of the COVID- 19 infection.Out of 215 patients, 8 (4%) patients were represented COVID- 19 infection associated with tuberculosis infection. All 8 patients were infected with extra pulmonary tuberculosis. The obtained results were showed that the incidence of tuberculosis patients with COVID- 19 is almost low and most of them were in extra pulmonary tuberculosisCurrent study aims to correlate between lower level of COVID-19 infections and death rate among tuberculosis patients in Basrah with the national BCG immunization program in Iraq, in addition to correlate between BCG vaccine and innate immune memory or trained immunity.
Downloads
References
K. Inoue, and S. Kashima,"Association of the past epidemic
of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with mortality and
incidence of COVID-19"Research article, PLoS ONE 16(6),
e0253169 (2021).
W. Guan, Z. Ni, Y. Hu,"Clinical characteristics of coronavirus
disease 2019 in China"N Engl J Med, 382(18), 1708-1720
(2020).
S. Gerstein, A. Khatri, N. Roth, F. Wallach,"Coronavirus
disease 2019 and extra-pulmonary tuberculosis co¬
infection A case report and review of literature"J Clin
Tubercul Mycob Dis, 22, 1-5 (2021).
M. Karbalaei, S. Soleimanpour, M. Eslami, B. Yousefi, M.
Keikha,"B cell-mediated Immunity against Tuberculosis
Infection: A Mini Review Study"Rev Clin Med, 6 (4):140-
(2020).
WHO,"COVID-19: considerations for tuberculosis (TB)
care"WHO Information Note, (2021).
I. Kristensen, P. Aaby, H. Jensen,"Routine vaccinations and
child survival: follow up study in Guinea-Bissau, West
Africa"Br Med J, 321,1435-1438 (2000).
M. G. Netea, L. A. B. Joosten, E. Latz, K. h. G. Mills, G. Natoli,
H. G. Stunnenberg, L. A. J. O'Neill, R. J. Xavier,"Trained
immunity: a program of innate immune memory in
health and disease"Science, 352(6284), 427 (2016).
J. Kleinnijenhuis, J. Quintin, F. Preijers, C. Stabell Benn, L.
Joosten,C.Jacobs,J. Loenhout, R. Xavier, P. Aaby, J. Van
der Meer, R. Van Crevel, M. Netea, "Long-Lasting
effects of BCG vaccination on both heterologous
Th1/Th17 responses and innate trained immunity"J
Innate Immun, 6, 152-158 (2014).
R. J. W. Arts, S. J. Moorlag, B. Novakovic, Y. Li, S. Wang, M.
Oosting, V. Kumar, R. J. Xavier, C. Wijmenga, L. A. B.
Joosten, C. B. Reusken, C. S. Benn, P. Aaby, M. P.
Koopmans, H. G. Stunnenberg, R. Crevel, M. G.
Netea,"BCG vaccination protect against experimental
viral infection in human through the induction of
cytokines associated with trained immunity"Cell host
Micro, 23(1), 89-100, e5 (2018b).
C. Covian, A. Retamal-Diaz, S. M. Bueno, A. M.
Kalergis,"Could BCG Vaccination Induce Protective
Trained Immunity for SARS-CoV-2?"Frontiers in
Immunol,11(970), 1-7 (2020).
J. M. Cliff, S. H. E. Kaufmann, H. McShane, P. V. Heiden, A.
O'Garra,"The human immune response to tuberculosis
and its treatment: a view from the blood"lmmunological
Reviews, 264, 88-102 (2015).
M. De Martino, L. Lodi, L. Galli, E. Chiappini,"Immune
Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis: A Narrative
Review, Mini Review"Frontiers Pediat, 7(350), 1-8 (2019).
M. Shafiei, A. Ghasemian, M. Eslami,"Risk factors and control
strategies for silicotuberculosis as an occupational
disease"New Microbes New Infect, 27, 75-77 (2018).
M. Coppola, R. Villar-Hernandez, K. Van Meijgaarden, I. Lattore, B.
M. Moreno, E. Garcia, K. L Franken, T. H. Ottenhoff,"Cellmediated immune responses to in vivo expressed and stage
specific Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens in latent and
active tuberculosis across different age groups"Frontiers
Immunol,11(103),1-15 (2020).
Y. Sohrabi, J. C. Dos Santos, M. Dorenkamp, H. Findeisen, R.
Godfrey, M. G. Netea,L. A. B. Joosten,"Trained immunity
as a novel approach against COVID-19 with a focus on
Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine"Clinic Trans Immunol,
, e1228, 1-17(2020).
H. Takahashi,"Role of latent tuberculosis infections in
reduced COVID-19 mortality:
Evidence from an instrumental variable method
analysis"Med Hypo, 144, 1-3 (2020).
J. Zhou, J. Lv, C. Carlson, H. Liu, H. Wang, T. Xu, F. Wu, C.
Song, X. Wang, T. Wang, Z. Qian,"Trained immunity
contributes to the prevention of Mycobacterium
tuberculosis infection, a novel role of autophag/'Emerg
Microbes Infect,10, 578-588 (2021).
H. Takahashi,"Role of latent tuberculosis infections in
reduced COVID-19 mortality:
Evidence from an instrumental variable method
analysis"Med Hypoth, 144, 1-3 (2020).
S. Charoenlap, K. Piromsopa, C. Charoenlap,"Potential role
of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination in
COVID-19 pandemic mortality: epidemiological and
immunological aspects"Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol,
(3),150-161(2020).
M. Gursel, and I. Gursel,"ls global BCG vaccination-induced
trained immunity relevant to the progression of
SARSCoV-2 pandemic?"Allergy, 75, 1815-1819 (2020).
L. E. Escobar, A. Molina-Cruz, C. Barillas-Mury,"BCG vaccine
protection from severe coronavirus disease 2019
(COVID-19)"Proc Natl Acad Sci,117,17720-17726 (2020).
M. G. Netea, J. Dominguez-Andres, L. B. Barreiro, T.
Chavakis, M. Divangahi, E. Fuchs, L. A. B. Joosten, J. W.
M. Van der Meer, M. M. Mhlanga, W. J. M. Mulder, N. P.
Riksen, A. Schlitzer, J. L. Schultze,"Defining trained immunity and its role in health and disease"Nature
review, 20, 375-388 (2020).
D. Ganbat, S. Seehase, E. Richter, E. Vollmer, N. Reiling, K.
Fellenberg, K. Gaede, Ch. Kugler, T.
Goldmann,"Mycobacteria infect different cell types in
the human lung and cause species dependent cellular
changes in infected cells"BMC Pulmon Med, 16(19), 1-16
(2016).
K. Tapela, C. O. Olwal, O. Quaye,"Parallels in the pathogenesis of SARS-COV-2 and M. tuberculosis: a synergistic or antagonistic alliance?"Future Microbiol, 10.2217, 0179 (2021).
A. Kumar, P. Prasoon, C. Kumari, V. Pareek, A. M. Faiq, K. R. Narayan, M. Kulandhasamy, K. Kant,"SARS-CoV-2- specific virulence factors in COVID-19"J med Virol, Review article, (2021).
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation .
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
