Review Of Functional Constipation in Pediatric Age Group: A Retrospective Study
Keywords:
Functional Constipation; Retrospective Study; Pediatric AgeAbstract
BACKGROUND: Constipation is one of the common disorders of childhood across the world. It is an issue for both the patient and family. Functional constipation easily diagnosed clinically and early intervention by family education, dietary habits manipulation, toilet training and laxative medication may induce complete resolution. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to review and analyze the etiological factors, age, gender, demographic and socioeconomic status and also to review the treatment of functional constipation to assist the medical care providers in the management of constipation in the pediatric age patients in our country due to lack of literature and misunderstanding of the pathophysiology of functional constipation. METHODS: A total 128 consecutive children aging from 1 to 13 years, all with functional constipation, and any case associated with underling disease (organic constipation) were excluded, were reviewed and analyzed with related factors including age, gender, demographic, and socioeconomic status. Treatment was assessed with fallow up for 6 to 9 months in Al-Kadhimain Medical City, Baghdad, Iraq, from June 2018 to June 2021. RESULTS: A total of This study group were 128 patients, ages from 1 to 13 years and the mean age were 5.1 years, girls were slightly more than boys, female 72 (56.25%) and male 56 (43:75%), female to male ratio 1.28:1, the Peak incidence of constipation occurs at the early childhood preschool age: 57 (44.53%) patients aged from 3 to 5 years. 84 (65.62%) patients live in urban areas and 44 (34.38%) live in rural community. 79 (61.71%) patients came from families with low socioeconomic status. The commonest presenting feature was painful defecation, 109 (85.15%) presents with painful stool, and 98 (76.56%) patients complaining of episodes of fecal incontinence (encopresis) and 117 (91.40%) patients with history of low dietary fiber and fluid intake. The treatment was highly effective by education, dietary manipulation, behavioral changes, toilet training, and laxatives with close regular follow up in 113 (88.28%) patients but 15 (11.72%) patients had frequent relapse that need aggressive treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Functional constipation is common problem in children and most of the patients were cured by proper management. Variable times were required for the treatment and relapses are frequent. Education of the parents, dietary manipulation, toilet training, laxatives and proper follow up is the main issue in the management
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References
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Physician. 2017;46(12):908-912.
Alexander KC Leung and Kam Lun Hon Paediatrics: how to manage
functional constipation. Drugs Context. 2021; 10: 2020-11-2.
Published online 2021 Mar 26. doi: 10.7573/dic.2020-l1-2
Childhood Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders: Child/ Adolescent
Jeffrey S. Hyams, 1, * Carlo Di Lorenzo, 2, * Miguel Saps,2 Robert J.
Shulman,3 Annamaria Staiano,4 and Miranda van Tilburg5
Gastroenterology 2016;150:1456-1468
Use of Rome II criteria in childhood defecation disorders: applicability in
clinical and research practice. Voskuijl W. P., Heijmans J., Heijmans
H. S. A., Taminiau J. A. J. M., Benninga M. A. Journal of
Pediatrics. 2004;145(2):213-217. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2004.04.050.
Evaluation and treatment of constipation in children and adolescents.
Nurko S, Zimmerman LA. Am Fam Physician 2014;90:82-90.
Management of functional constipation in children and adults.Vriesman
MH, Koppen IJN, Camilleri M, Di Lorenzo C, Benninga MANat Rev
Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;17(1):21-39.
The role of fiber in the treatment of functional gastrointestinal disorders
in children. Axelrod CH, Saps M. Nutrients. 2018;10(l l):1650.
Water and fluid intake in the prevention and treatment of functional
constipation in children and adolescents: is there evidence? Boilesen
SN, Tahan S, Dias FC, Meili LCFL, de Morais MB. J
Pediatr. 2017;93(4):320-327.
Castillejo G, Bullo M, Anguera A, Escribano J, Salas-Salvado J. A controlled,
randomized double-blind trial to evaluate the effect of a supplement of
cocoa husk that is rich in dietary fiber on colonic transit in constipated
pediatric patients.Pediatrics.2006;118:e641-e648.
Poddar U. Approach to constipation in children. Indian
Pediatr. 2016;53(4):319-327. doi: 10.1007/sl3312-016-0845-9.
Madani S, Tsang L, Kamat D. Constipation in children: a practical review.Pediatr
Ann.2016;45(5):el89-el96.doi:10.3928/00904481-20160323-01.
Evaluation and Treatment of Functional Constipation in Infants and
Children Evidence-Based Recommendations From ESPGHAN and
NASPGHAN Tabbers, M.M.; DiLorenzo, C.; Berger, M.Y.; Faure, C.;
Langendam, M.W.; Nurko, S.; Staiano, A.; Vandenplas, Y.; Benninga,
M.A. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition: February
- Volume 58 - Issue 2 - p 258-274
Lactulose versus polyethylene glycol for chronic constipation. LeeRobichaud H, Thomas K, Morgan J, et al Cochrane Database Syst
Rev 2010:CD007570.
Cochrane Review: Osmotic and stimulant laxatives for the management
of childhood constipation (review). Evid Based Child Health Gordon
M, Naidoo K, Akobeng AK, et al 2013;8:57-109
Functional constipation in children: a systematic review on prognosis
and predictive factors. Pijpers MA, Bongers ME, Benninga MA, et al.
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2010;50:256-268
Constipation in children. Tabbers MM, Boluyt N, Berger MY, et al. Clin
Evid (Online) 2010;2010.
Philichi L. Management of childhood functional constipation. J Pediatric
Health Care. 2018;32(1):103-111. doi: 10.1016/j.pedhc.2017.08.008
Plunkett A, Phillips CP, Beattie RM. Management of chronic functional
constipation in childhood. Paediatr Drugs. 2007;9:33-46.
Pashankar DS, Bishop WP. Efficacy and optimal dose of daily
polyethylene glycol 3350 for treatment of constipation and
encopresis in children. J Pediatr. 2001;139:428-432.
Koppen IJ, Lammers LA, Benninga MA, Tabbers MM. Management of
functional constipation in children: therapy in practice. Paediatr
Drugs. 2015;17(5):349-360. doi: 10.1007/s40272-015-0142-4.
Sood M, Lichtlen P, Perez MC. Unmet needs in pediatric functional
constipation. Clin Pediatr. 2018;57(13):1489-1495.
doi: 10.1177/0009922818774343.
Sood MR. Chronic functional constipation and fecal incontinence in
infants, children, and adolescents: treatment. In: Li BUK,
editor. UpToDate.Waltham, MA: [Accessed October 30, 2020].
Yachha SK, Srivastava A, Mohan N, et al. Management of childhood
functional constipation: Consensus Practice Guidelines of Indian
Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and
Pediatric Gastroenterology Chapter of Indian Academy of
Pediatrics. Indian Pediatr. 2018;55(10):885-892.
Poddar U, Singh S, Pawaria A, Srivastava A, Yachha SK. Aetiological
spectrum, clinical differentiation and efficacy of polyethylene glycol
over lactulose in children with constipation: experience of 316
cases. J Paediatr Child Health. 2019;55(2):162-167.
doi: 10.1111/jpc.14099.
Sood MR. Recent onset constipation in infants and children. In: Li BUK,
editor. UpToDate.Waltham, MA: [Accessed October 30, 2020].
Madani S, Tsang L, Kamat D. Constipation in children: a practical
review. Pediatr Ann. 2016;45(5):el89-el96. doi: 10.3928/00904481-
-01.
Pashankar DS, Loening-Baucke V, Bishop WP. Safety of polyethylene
glycol 3350 for the treatment of chronic constipation in
children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2003;157:661—664.
Suzanne M. Mugie a,b,*, Marc A. Benninga, Head of Department
Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition b,l , Carlo Di Lorenzo,
Professor of Paediatrics. Epidemiology of constipation in children
and adults: A systematic review. Best practice and research clinical
gastroenterology 25(2011) 3-18
Prevalence of Functional Defecation Disorders in Children: A
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Author links open overlay
panelllan J.N.KoppenMDuMana
H.VriesmanMD12*MiguelSapsMD2ShamanRajindrajithMD,
PhD3XiaoxiaShiMSc4Faridi S.van Etten-Jamaludin5CarloDi
LorenzoMD2Marc A.BenningaMD, PhD^erit M.TabbersMD,
PhD1. The Journal of PediatricsVolume 198, July 2018, Pages 121-
O.e6
Claudia Olaru, 1 ,2Smaranda Diaconescu, 1 ,2 ’’Laura Trandafir,1
,2Nicoleta Gimiga, 1 ,2Radian A. Olaru, 3Gabriela Stefanescu,1
’ 4 Gabriela Ciubotariu, 1 ’2Marin Burlea,1 ’2and Magdalena lorga
Chronic Functional Constipation and Encopresis in Children in
Relationship with the Psychosocial Environment Gastroenterol Res
Pract. 2016; 2016: 7828576. Published online 2016 Nov .
doi: 10.1155/2016/7828576
Qagan Appak Y, Yahn Sapmaz §, Dogan G, Herdem A, Ozyurt BC,
Kasirga E. Clinical findings, child and mother psychosocial status in
functional constipation. Turk J Gastroenterol. 2017;28(6):465-470.
doi: 10.5152/tjg.2017.17216.
Udoh EE, Rajindrajith S, Devanarayana NM, Benninga MA. Prevalence
and risk factors for functional constipation in adolescent
Nigerians. Arch Dis Child. 2017;102(9):841-844.
doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2016-311908.
Luciano KL. Diagnosis and management of functional constipation in
children. JAAPA. 2013;26(12):21-24.
doi: 10.1097/01.JAA.0000437819.68902.30.
Loening-Baucke V., Cruikshank B., Savage C. Defecation dynamics and
behavior profiles in encopretic children. Pediatrics. 1987;80(5):672-
Loening-Baucke V. Prevalence rates for constipation and faecal and
urinary incontinence.Arch Dis Child. 2007 Jun;92(6):486-9.
Asakura K, Masayasu S, Sasaki S. Dietary intake, physical activity, and
time management are associated with constipation in preschool
children in Japan. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2017;26(1):118-129.
doi: 10.6133/apjcn.l12015.02.Waterham M, Kaufman J, Gibb S. Childhood constipation. Aust Fam
Physician. 2017;46(12):908-912.
Alexander KC Leung and Kam Lun Hon Paediatrics: how to manage
functional constipation. Drugs Context. 2021; 10: 2020-11-2.
Published online 2021 Mar 26. doi: 10.7573/dic.2020-l1-2
Childhood Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders: Child/ Adolescent
Jeffrey S. Hyams, 1, * Carlo Di Lorenzo, 2, * Miguel Saps,2 Robert J.
Shulman,3 Annamaria Staiano,4 and Miranda van Tilburg5
Gastroenterology 2016;150:1456-1468
Use of Rome II criteria in childhood defecation disorders: applicability in
clinical and research practice. Voskuijl W. P., Heijmans J., Heijmans
H. S. A., Taminiau J. A. J. M., Benninga M. A. Journal of
Pediatrics. 2004;145(2):213-217. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2004.04.050.
Evaluation and treatment of constipation in children and adolescents.
Nurko S, Zimmerman LA. Am Fam Physician 2014;90:82-90.
Management of functional constipation in children and adults.Vriesman
MH, Koppen IJN, Camilleri M, Di Lorenzo C, Benninga MANat Rev
Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;17(1):21-39.
The role of fiber in the treatment of functional gastrointestinal disorders
in children. Axelrod CH, Saps M. Nutrients. 2018;10(l l):1650.
Water and fluid intake in the prevention and treatment of functional
constipation in children and adolescents: is there evidence? Boilesen
SN, Tahan S, Dias FC, Meili LCFL, de Morais MB. J
Pediatr. 2017;93(4):320-327.
Castillejo G, Bullo M, Anguera A, Escribano J, Salas-Salvado J. A controlled,
randomized double-blind trial to evaluate the effect of a supplement of
cocoa husk that is rich in dietary fiber on colonic transit in constipated
pediatric patients.Pediatrics.2006;118:e641-e648.
Poddar U. Approach to constipation in children. Indian
Pediatr. 2016;53(4):319-327. doi: 10.1007/sl3312-016-0845-9.
Madani S, Tsang L, Kamat D. Constipation in children: a practical review.Pediatr
Ann.2016;45(5):el89-el96.doi:10.3928/00904481-20160323-01.
Evaluation and Treatment of Functional Constipation in Infants and
Children Evidence-Based Recommendations From ESPGHAN and
NASPGHAN Tabbers, M.M.; DiLorenzo, C.; Berger, M.Y.; Faure, C.;
Langendam, M.W.; Nurko, S.; Staiano, A.; Vandenplas, Y.; Benninga,
M.A. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition: February
- Volume 58 - Issue 2 - p 258-274
Lactulose versus polyethylene glycol for chronic constipation. LeeRobichaud H, Thomas K, Morgan J, et al Cochrane Database Syst
Rev 2010:CD007570.
Cochrane Review: Osmotic and stimulant laxatives for the management
of childhood constipation (review). Evid Based Child Health Gordon
M, Naidoo K, Akobeng AK, et al 2013;8:57-109
Functional constipation in children: a systematic review on prognosis
and predictive factors. Pijpers MA, Bongers ME, Benninga MA, et al.
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2010;50:256-268
Constipation in children. Tabbers MM, Boluyt N, Berger MY, et al. Clin
Evid (Online) 2010;2010.
Philichi L. Management of childhood functional constipation. J Pediatric
Health Care. 2018;32(1):103-111. doi: 10.1016/j.pedhc.2017.08.008
Plunkett A, Phillips CP, Beattie RM. Management of chronic functional
constipation in childhood. Paediatr Drugs. 2007;9:33-46.
Pashankar DS, Bishop WP. Efficacy and optimal dose of daily
polyethylene glycol 3350 for treatment of constipation and
encopresis in children. J Pediatr. 2001;139:428-432.
Koppen IJ, Lammers LA, Benninga MA, Tabbers MM. Management of
functional constipation in children: therapy in practice. Paediatr
Drugs. 2015;17(5):349-360. doi: 10.1007/s40272-015-0142-4.
Sood M, Lichtlen P, Perez MC. Unmet needs in pediatric functional
constipation. Clin Pediatr. 2018;57(13):1489-1495.
doi: 10.1177/0009922818774343.
Sood MR. Chronic functional constipation and fecal incontinence in
infants, children, and adolescents: treatment. In: Li BUK,
editor. UpToDate.Waltham, MA: [Accessed October 30, 2020].
Yachha SK, Srivastava A, Mohan N, et al. Management of childhood
functional constipation: Consensus Practice Guidelines of Indian
Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and
Pediatric Gastroenterology Chapter of Indian Academy of
Pediatrics. Indian Pediatr. 2018;55(10):885-892.
Poddar U, Singh S, Pawaria A, Srivastava A, Yachha SK. Aetiological
spectrum, clinical differentiation and efficacy of polyethylene glycol
over lactulose in children with constipation: experience of 316
cases. J Paediatr Child Health. 2019;55(2):162-167.
doi: 10.1111/jpc.14099.
Sood MR. Recent onset constipation in infants and children. In: Li BUK,
editor. UpToDate.Waltham, MA: [Accessed October 30, 2020].
Madani S, Tsang L, Kamat D. Constipation in children: a practical
review. Pediatr Ann. 2016;45(5):el89-el96. doi: 10.3928/00904481-
-01.
Pashankar DS, Loening-Baucke V, Bishop WP. Safety of polyethylene
glycol 3350 for the treatment of chronic constipation in
children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2003;157:661—664.
Suzanne M. Mugie a,b,*, Marc A. Benninga, Head of Department
Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition b,l , Carlo Di Lorenzo,
Professor of Paediatrics. Epidemiology of constipation in children
and adults: A systematic review. Best practice and research clinical
gastroenterology 25(2011) 3-18
Prevalence of Functional Defecation Disorders in Children: A
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Author links open overlay
panelllan J.N.KoppenMDuMana
H.VriesmanMD12*MiguelSapsMD2ShamanRajindrajithMD,
PhD3XiaoxiaShiMSc4Faridi S.van Etten-Jamaludin5CarloDi
LorenzoMD2Marc A.BenningaMD, PhD^erit M.TabbersMD,
PhD1. The Journal of PediatricsVolume 198, July 2018, Pages 121-
O.e6
Claudia Olaru, 1 ,2Smaranda Diaconescu, 1 ,2 ’’Laura Trandafir,1
,2Nicoleta Gimiga, 1 ,2Radian A. Olaru, 3Gabriela Stefanescu,1
’ 4 Gabriela Ciubotariu, 1 ’2Marin Burlea,1 ’2and Magdalena lorga
Chronic Functional Constipation and Encopresis in Children in
Relationship with the Psychosocial Environment Gastroenterol Res
Pract. 2016; 2016: 7828576. Published online 2016 Nov .
doi: 10.1155/2016/7828576
Qagan Appak Y, Yahn Sapmaz §, Dogan G, Herdem A, Ozyurt BC,
Kasirga E. Clinical findings, child and mother psychosocial status in
functional constipation. Turk J Gastroenterol. 2017;28(6):465-470.
doi: 10.5152/tjg.2017.17216.
Udoh EE, Rajindrajith S, Devanarayana NM, Benninga MA. Prevalence
and risk factors for functional constipation in adolescent
Nigerians. Arch Dis Child. 2017;102(9):841-844.
doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2016-311908.
Luciano KL. Diagnosis and management of functional constipation in
children. JAAPA. 2013;26(12):21-24.
doi: 10.1097/01.JAA.0000437819.68902.30.
Loening-Baucke V., Cruikshank B., Savage C. Defecation dynamics and
behavior profiles in encopretic children. Pediatrics. 1987;80(5):672-
Loening-Baucke V. Prevalence rates for constipation and faecal and
urinary incontinence.Arch Dis Child. 2007 Jun;92(6):486-9.
Asakura K, Masayasu S, Sasaki S. Dietary intake, physical activity, and
time management are associated with constipation in preschool
children in Japan. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2017;26(1):118-129.
doi: 10.6133/apjcn.l12015.02.Waterham M, Kaufman J, Gibb S. Childhood constipation. Aust Fam
Physician. 2017;46(12):908-912.
Alexander KC Leung and Kam Lun Hon Paediatrics: how to manage
functional constipation. Drugs Context. 2021; 10: 2020-11-2.
Published online 2021 Mar 26. doi: 10.7573/dic.2020-l1-2
Childhood Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders: Child/ Adolescent
Jeffrey S. Hyams, 1, * Carlo Di Lorenzo, 2, * Miguel Saps,2 Robert J.
Shulman,3 Annamaria Staiano,4 and Miranda van Tilburg5
Gastroenterology 2016;150:1456-1468
Use of Rome II criteria in childhood defecation disorders: applicability in
clinical and research practice. Voskuijl W. P., Heijmans J., Heijmans
H. S. A., Taminiau J. A. J. M., Benninga M. A. Journal of
Pediatrics. 2004;145(2):213-217. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2004.04.050.
Evaluation and treatment of constipation in children and adolescents.
Nurko S, Zimmerman LA. Am Fam Physician 2014;90:82-90.
Management of functional constipation in children and adults.Vriesman
MH, Koppen IJN, Camilleri M, Di Lorenzo C, Benninga MANat Rev
Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;17(1):21-39.
The role of fiber in the treatment of functional gastrointestinal disorders
in children. Axelrod CH, Saps M. Nutrients. 2018;10(l l):1650.
Water and fluid intake in the prevention and treatment of functional
constipation in children and adolescents: is there evidence? Boilesen
SN, Tahan S, Dias FC, Meili LCFL, de Morais MB. J
Pediatr. 2017;93(4):320-327.
Castillejo G, Bullo M, Anguera A, Escribano J, Salas-Salvado J. A controlled,
randomized double-blind trial to evaluate the effect of a supplement of
cocoa husk that is rich in dietary fiber on colonic transit in constipated
pediatric patients.Pediatrics.2006;118:e641-e648.
Poddar U. Approach to constipation in children. Indian
Pediatr. 2016;53(4):319-327. doi: 10.1007/sl3312-016-0845-9.
Madani S, Tsang L, Kamat D. Constipation in children: a practical review.Pediatr
Ann.2016;45(5):el89-el96.doi:10.3928/00904481-20160323-01.
Evaluation and Treatment of Functional Constipation in Infants and
Children Evidence-Based Recommendations From ESPGHAN and
NASPGHAN Tabbers, M.M.; DiLorenzo, C.; Berger, M.Y.; Faure, C.;
Langendam, M.W.; Nurko, S.; Staiano, A.; Vandenplas, Y.; Benninga,
M.A. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition: February
- Volume 58 - Issue 2 - p 258-274
Lactulose versus polyethylene glycol for chronic constipation. LeeRobichaud H, Thomas K, Morgan J, et al Cochrane Database Syst
Rev 2010:CD007570.
Cochrane Review: Osmotic and stimulant laxatives for the management
of childhood constipation (review). Evid Based Child Health Gordon
M, Naidoo K, Akobeng AK, et al 2013;8:57-109
Functional constipation in children: a systematic review on prognosis
and predictive factors. Pijpers MA, Bongers ME, Benninga MA, et al.
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2010;50:256-268
Constipation in children. Tabbers MM, Boluyt N, Berger MY, et al. Clin
Evid (Online) 2010;2010.
Philichi L. Management of childhood functional constipation. J Pediatric
Health Care. 2018;32(1):103-111. doi: 10.1016/j.pedhc.2017.08.008
Plunkett A, Phillips CP, Beattie RM. Management of chronic functional
constipation in childhood. Paediatr Drugs. 2007;9:33-46.
Pashankar DS, Bishop WP. Efficacy and optimal dose of daily
polyethylene glycol 3350 for treatment of constipation and
encopresis in children. J Pediatr. 2001;139:428-432.
Koppen IJ, Lammers LA, Benninga MA, Tabbers MM. Management of
functional constipation in children: therapy in practice. Paediatr
Drugs. 2015;17(5):349-360. doi: 10.1007/s40272-015-0142-4.
Sood M, Lichtlen P, Perez MC. Unmet needs in pediatric functional
constipation. Clin Pediatr. 2018;57(13):1489-1495.
doi: 10.1177/0009922818774343.
Sood MR. Chronic functional constipation and fecal incontinence in
infants, children, and adolescents: treatment. In: Li BUK,
editor. UpToDate.Waltham, MA: [Accessed October 30, 2020].
Yachha SK, Srivastava A, Mohan N, et al. Management of childhood
functional constipation: Consensus Practice Guidelines of Indian
Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and
Pediatric Gastroenterology Chapter of Indian Academy of
Pediatrics. Indian Pediatr. 2018;55(10):885-892.
Poddar U, Singh S, Pawaria A, Srivastava A, Yachha SK. Aetiological
spectrum, clinical differentiation and efficacy of polyethylene glycol
over lactulose in children with constipation: experience of 316
cases. J Paediatr Child Health. 2019;55(2):162-167.
doi: 10.1111/jpc.14099.
Sood MR. Recent onset constipation in infants and children. In: Li BUK,
editor. UpToDate.Waltham, MA: [Accessed October 30, 2020].
Madani S, Tsang L, Kamat D. Constipation in children: a practical
review. Pediatr Ann. 2016;45(5):el89-el96. doi: 10.3928/00904481-
-01.
Pashankar DS, Loening-Baucke V, Bishop WP. Safety of polyethylene
glycol 3350 for the treatment of chronic constipation in
children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2003;157:661—664.
Suzanne M. Mugie a,b,*, Marc A. Benninga, Head of Department
Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition b,l , Carlo Di Lorenzo,
Professor of Paediatrics. Epidemiology of constipation in children
and adults: A systematic review. Best practice and research clinical
gastroenterology 25(2011) 3-18
Prevalence of Functional Defecation Disorders in Children: A
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Author links open overlay
panelllan J.N.KoppenMDuMana
H.VriesmanMD12*MiguelSapsMD2ShamanRajindrajithMD,
PhD3XiaoxiaShiMSc4Faridi S.van Etten-Jamaludin5CarloDi
LorenzoMD2Marc A.BenningaMD, PhD^erit M.TabbersMD,
PhD1. The Journal of PediatricsVolume 198, July 2018, Pages 121-
O.e6
Claudia Olaru, 1 ,2Smaranda Diaconescu, 1 ,2 ’’Laura Trandafir,1
,2Nicoleta Gimiga, 1 ,2Radian A. Olaru, 3Gabriela Stefanescu,1
’ 4 Gabriela Ciubotariu, 1 ’2Marin Burlea,1 ’2and Magdalena lorga
Chronic Functional Constipation and Encopresis in Children in
Relationship with the Psychosocial Environment Gastroenterol Res
Pract. 2016; 2016: 7828576. Published online 2016 Nov .
doi: 10.1155/2016/7828576
Qagan Appak Y, Yahn Sapmaz §, Dogan G, Herdem A, Ozyurt BC,
Kasirga E. Clinical findings, child and mother psychosocial status in
functional constipation. Turk J Gastroenterol. 2017;28(6):465-470.
doi: 10.5152/tjg.2017.17216.
Udoh EE, Rajindrajith S, Devanarayana NM, Benninga MA. Prevalence
and risk factors for functional constipation in adolescent
Nigerians. Arch Dis Child. 2017;102(9):841-844.
doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2016-311908.
Luciano KL. Diagnosis and management of functional constipation in
children. JAAPA. 2013;26(12):21-24.
doi: 10.1097/01.JAA.0000437819.68902.30.
Loening-Baucke V., Cruikshank B., Savage C. Defecation dynamics and
behavior profiles in encopretic children. Pediatrics. 1987;80(5):672-
Loening-Baucke V. Prevalence rates for constipation and faecal and
urinary incontinence.Arch Dis Child. 2007 Jun;92(6):486-9.
Asakura K, Masayasu S, Sasaki S. Dietary intake, physical activity, and
time management are associated with constipation in preschool
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